Albert Einstein Biography

(Albert Einstein)

Born in Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany on March 14th 1879, Albert Einstein and his family soon moved to Munich where Einstein started his education - at the Luitpold Gymnasium. He continued his education in Aarau, Switzerland before entering the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich where he trained to become a teacher in the fields of physics and mathematics.

At the turn of the century he earned his diploma, and obtained Swiss citizenship, but failed to find a teaching position, so instead opted to become a technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. He earned his doctor's degree four years later, in 1905.

It was within the Patent Office and in his own time, that Einstein produced the majority of his brilliant work. In 1909 he was awarded the title of Professor Extraordinary and Professor of Theoretical Physics in Prague two years later. Einstein became a German citizen in 1914, staying in Berlin until 1933, before renouncing his citizenship for political reasons. He then emigrated to America, becoming Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton, retiring from this position in 1945.

Einstein had a gift for his perception of any problem, and the unique way he would tackle these problems. He insisted that his major breakthroughs were merely stepping stones to the next stage. His theory of relativity was derived from experimentation with the laws of mechanics against the laws of an electromagnetic field. He also looked into the thermal properties of light which resulted in the photon theory of light, as well as explaining the Brownian manipulation of molecules. It was back in Berlin, where Einstein documented his theory of relativity in co-existence with the theory of gravitation.

Einstein developed the quantum theory in the 1920's and also contributed towards atomic transition probabilities and relativistic cosmology. He continued with his work in the physics field beyond his retirement, adopting the unorthodox approach of geometrisation in his work.

Einstein has written many revolutionary books in his time, arguably the most important of which being Special Theory of Relativity (1905), Relativity (English translations, 1920 and 1950), General Theory of Relativity (1916), Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evolution of Physics (1938). Among his non-scientific works, About Zionism (1930), Why War? (1933), My Philosophy (1934), and Out of My Later Years (1950).

Einstein won awards all over for his contributions to physics. He lectured in Europe, America and the Far East, being awarded by the Franklin Institute and the Royal Society of London. His way of thinking led him to develop a passion for music, which played an vital role in his life. In 1903, he married Mileva Maric with which he had one daughter and two sons, but their marriage ended in 1919. Later that year he married his cousin, Elsa Löwenthal, who passed away in 1936. Albert Einstein died on April 18th, 1955 in Princeton, New Jersey - but his legacy and findings live on.

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The Father of Cool

Willis Haviland Carrier - The History of Air Conditioning

"I fish only for edible fish, and hunt only for edible game even in the laboratory." - Willis Haviland Carrier on being practical.

In 1902, only one year after Willis Haviland Carrier graduated from Cornell University with a Masters in Engineering, the first air (temperature and humidity) conditioning was in operation, making one Brooklyn printing plant owner very happy. Fluctuations in heat and humidity in his plant had caused the dimensions of the printing paper to keep altering slightly, enough to ensure a misalignment of the colored inks. The new air conditioning machine created a stable environment and aligned four-color printing became possible. All thanks to the new employee at the Buffalo Forge Company, who started on a salary of only $10.00 per week.


The 'Apparatus for Treating Air' (U.S. Pat# 808897) granted in 1906, was the first of several patents awarded to Willis Haviland Carrier. The recognized 'father of air conditioning' is Carrier, but the term 'air conditioning' actually originated with textile engineer, Stuart H. Cramer. Cramer used the phrase 'air conditioning' in a 1906 patent claim filed for a device that added water vapor to the air in textile plants - to condition the yarn.

In 1911, Willis Haviland Carrier disclosed his basic Rational Psychrometric Formulae to theAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers. The formula still stands today as the basis in all fundamental calculations for the air conditioning industry. Carrier said he received his 'flash of genius' while waiting for a train. It was a foggy night and he was going over in his mind the problem of temperature and humidity control. By the time the train arrived, Carrier had an understanding of the relationship between temperature, humidity and dew point.

Industries flourished with the new ability to control the temperature and humidity levels during and after production. Film, tobacco, processed meats, medical capsules, textiles and other products acquired significant improvements in quality with air conditioning. Willis and six other engineers formed the Carrier Engineering Corporation in 1915 with a starting capital of $35,000 (1995 sales topped $5 billion). The company was dedicated to improving air conditioning technology.

In 1921, Willis Haviland Carrier patented the centrifugal refrigeration machine. The 'centrifugal chiller' was the first practical method of air conditioning large spaces. Previous refrigeration machines used reciprocating-compressors (piston-driven) to pump refrigerant (often toxic and flammable ammonia) throughout the system. Carrier designed a centrifugal-compressor similar to the centrifugal turning-blades of a water pump. The result was a safer and more efficient chiller.

Photo: Early home unit

Cooling for human comfort, rather than industrial need, began in 1924, noted by the three Carrier centrifugal chillers installed in the J.L. Hudson Department Store in Detroit, Michigan. Shoppers flocked to the 'air conditioned' store. The boom in human cooling spread from the department stores to the movie theaters, most notably the Rivoli theater in New York, whose summer film business skyrocketed when it heavily advertised the cool comfort. Demand increased for smaller units and the Carrier Company obliged.

In 1928, Willis Haviland Carrier developed the first residential 'Weathermaker', an air conditioner for private home use. The Great Depression and then WW2 slowed the non-industrial use of air conditioning. After the war, consumer sales started to grow again. The rest is history, cool and comfortable history.

Willis Haviland Carrier did not invent the very first system to cool an interior structure, however, his system was the first truly successful and safe one that started the science of modern air conditioning. You can read about the earlier history of air conditioning in the recommended reading material listed in the left sidebar.

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